THE UNIVERSE - 2023/4
Module code: PHY1037
Module Overview
This module introduces many of the fundamental concepts in astronomy, cosmology and relativity theory. It begins with classical (Newtonian) celestial mechanics, properties of stars and galaxies and some of the tools required in observation in Astronomy.
Then it moves on to outline the concepts which underpin Einstein’s Special and General theories of relativity discussing events and physical phenomena from different frames of reference and in different co-ordinate systems, and the way in which mathematics relates these descriptions. Concepts of inertial frames of reference, Lorentz transformations, invariants, and elementary relativity principles and covariance, will be introduced, as well as a discussion of the ideas underpinning the general theory of relativity: principle of equivalence and curvature of space-time.
Big Bang cosmology will be introduced and cover current views of the origins of the universe and its constituent parts (cosmic microwave background, inflation, black holes, dark matter and dark energy). A study of the history of astronomy and the various philosophical and scientific cosmological models throughout history will take place in a series of lectures, entitled The History of Ideas, throughout the semester as part of this module.
Module provider
Mathematics & Physics
Module Leader
AL-KHALILI Jim (Maths & Phys)
Number of Credits: 15
ECTS Credits: 7.5
Framework: FHEQ Level 4
Module cap (Maximum number of students): N/A
Overall student workload
Independent Learning Hours: 90
Lecture Hours: 33
Tutorial Hours: 11
Guided Learning: 16
Module Availability
Semester 2
Prerequisites / Co-requisites
None
Module content
Indicative content includes:
Celestial Mechanics: Newtonian mechanics; binary stars, stellar masses
Electromagnetic spectrum: blackbody radiation; Wien’s law; spectral lines,
Stars and galaxies: measurements of distance; temperature and luminosity’ Hertzsprung-Russell diagram; star formation and evolution,
Special Relativity: Introductory discussion of events, reference frames, transformations between reference frames and invariant quantities on transformation; Principles of Relativity; constancy of speed of light, the Michelson-Morley experiment, the relativity of simultaneity, time dilation and length contraction; the Lorentz transformation equations; space-time diagrams and light cones, invariance of the space-time interval; relativistic mass and momentum, deriving E=mc2; the relativistic Doppler effect, the twin paradox.
General relativity: the principle of equivalence; curvature of space-time, experimental tests of GR: Mercury’s perihelion, the gravitational red-shift, the bending of light due to gravity.
Big Bang Cosmology: Hubble’s Law; age and size of the Universe.; cosmic microwave background; inflationary models; primeval nucleosynthesis.
Current ideas in cosmology: Black holes, singularities and the event horizon; gravity waves, gravitational lensing; dark matter, dark energy; fate of the universe.
History of ideas in cosmology: Ptolemaic geocentric model; pre-Copernican astronomy; Copernicus, Galileo and the birth of modern astronomy.
Assessment pattern
Assessment type | Unit of assessment | Weighting |
---|---|---|
Online Scheduled Summative Class Test | ONLINE (OPEN BOOK) BI-WEEKLY TESTS WITHIN 4HR WINDOW | 10 |
Coursework | ESSAY | 20 |
Examination | INVIGILATED 2-HOUR EXAM | 70 |
Alternative Assessment
None.
Assessment Strategy
The assessment strategy is designed to provide students with the opportunity to demonstrate
recall of subject knowledge
ability to apply individual components of subject knowledge to basic situations
ability to synthesise and apply combined areas of knowledge to physics problems
express scientific ideas in written form
Thus, the summative assessment for this module consists of:
a final examination of 2h duration, with a section of short questions in which 4/4 are to be answered, and a section of longer questions of which 2/3 questions are to be answered
an essay on the history of ideas
a set of online, weekly tutorial-type questions
Formative assessment and feedback
Verbal feedback will be given in tutorial classes (both whole-class and small group). The essay assignment will be marked and returned to give feedback before the final assessment. Solutions to online tutorial questions will be provided.
Module aims
- give an overview of our present understanding of the nature of the Universe, its origins and the theories and methods we have used to address some of its deepest mysteries
- discuss how physicists make measurement in space and time in the context of frames of reference, how they are established and chosen, and how measurement made by different observers in different frames can be related to each other.
- provide a familiarity with the Lorentz Transformation equations and their applications in Special relativity
- introduce the concepts that lead to Einstein's General theory of Relativity.
- provide an outline of the changing views of the Universe since the dawn of science, and to introduce some of the leading figures in the history of astronomy and cosmology
Learning outcomes
Attributes Developed | ||
001 | Understand the dynamics of astronomical and satellite systems. | KC |
002 | Appreciate how coordinates, lengths and intervals are transformed in special relativity and how this differs from the Newtonian/Galilean view. | KC |
003 | Appreciate why and how Einstein was led to the conclusion that nothing can travel faster than light and how the constancy of the speed of light led to a revolution in our concepts of space and time | KC |
004 | Be able to transform velocities from one inertial frame to another and calculate relativistic masses, energies and momenta. | KC |
005 | Have a basic feel for how gravity affects space and time in Einstein's general theory of relativity, but without any rigorous mathematics. | KC |
006 | Be able to apply this knowledge to an understanding of cosmological models and models of the solar system. | KC |
Attributes Developed
C - Cognitive/analytical
K - Subject knowledge
T - Transferable skills
P - Professional/Practical skills
Methods of Teaching / Learning
The learning and teaching strategy is designed to:
equip students with subject knowledge
develop skills in applying subject knowledge to physical situations
enable students to tackle unseen problems in astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology
develop communication skills
The learning and teaching methods include:
44h of lecture and large group tutorial classes as 4h/week x 11 weeks
small group tutorials
Indicated Lecture Hours (which may also include seminars, tutorials, workshops and other contact time) are approximate and may include in-class tests where one or more of these are an assessment on the module. In-class tests are scheduled/organised separately to taught content and will be published on to student personal timetables, where they apply to taken modules, as soon as they are finalised by central administration. This will usually be after the initial publication of the teaching timetable for the relevant semester.
Reading list
https://readinglists.surrey.ac.uk
Upon accessing the reading list, please search for the module using the module code: PHY1037
Programmes this module appears in
Programme | Semester | Classification | Qualifying conditions |
---|---|---|---|
Physics with Nuclear Astrophysics MPhys | 2 | Compulsory | A weighted aggregate mark of 40% is required to pass the module |
Physics with Astronomy MPhys | 2 | Compulsory | A weighted aggregate mark of 40% is required to pass the module |
Physics with Quantum Technologies MPhys | 2 | Compulsory | A weighted aggregate mark of 40% is required to pass the module |
Physics MPhys | 2 | Compulsory | A weighted aggregate mark of 40% is required to pass the module |
Physics BSc (Hons) | 2 | Compulsory | A weighted aggregate mark of 40% is required to pass the module |
Physics with Astronomy BSc (Hons) | 2 | Compulsory | A weighted aggregate mark of 40% is required to pass the module |
Physics with Quantum Technologies BSc (Hons) | 2 | Compulsory | A weighted aggregate mark of 40% is required to pass the module |
Physics with Nuclear Astrophysics BSc (Hons) | 2 | Compulsory | A weighted aggregate mark of 40% is required to pass the module |
Please note that the information detailed within this record is accurate at the time of publishing and may be subject to change. This record contains information for the most up to date version of the programme / module for the 2023/4 academic year.