NON-IONISING RADIATION IMAGING - 2024/5

Module Overview

The module is designed to give students knowledge of the basic physics that underpins nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR / MRI) and ultrasound, together with details of common imaging strategies.It delivers material on the basic principles of NMR and medical MRI . It also provides an introduction to ultrasound, a major non-ionising radiation imaging modality, with lectures complemented by three laboratory sessions.

Module provider

Mathematics & Physics

Module Leader

PANI Silvia (Maths & Phys)

Number of Credits: 15

ECTS Credits: 7.5

Framework: FHEQ Level 7

Module cap (Maximum number of students): N/A

Module Availability

Semester 2

Prerequisites / Co-requisites

None

Module content

Indicative module content includes:

Ultrasonics theory, instrumentation and practice
Nature of ultrasound, ultrasonic wave parameters, linear wave propagation, speed, compressibility, impedance, pressure, phase, intensity, power, reflection, refraction, scattering, absorption, attenuation; Piezoelectric effect, single element transducer, pulse shape, measurement of acoustic field, pulse repetition frequency, pulse repetition period, wave front, beam shapes, near field, far field, focusing; ultrasound imaging, Doppler, quality assurance, artifacts (Imaging and Doppler); Interaction of ultrasound with tissue, possible biological effects; Measurement of the acoustic output parameters.

Production and assessment of Ultrasound scans. Probe design. Interaction of ultrasound with tissue. Resolution. Digitisation and signal processing. Synthetic aperture techniques. Harmonic imaging. Measurement errors. Quality assurance & phantoms.

The Doppler equation. Uses of Doppler. Indexes of wave shape and applications. Frequency analysis techniques. Pulse Doppler. Colour representation of blood flow. Artifacts.


 

Ultrasound laboratory experiments 

Students will perform three experiments on the physics of ultrasound, from a set including:
1. Determination of the sound speed, acoustic impedance, reflection coefficients and attenuation of materials using pulse-echo ultrasound.

2. Measurement of fluid flow using a simple portable diagnostic Doppler ultrasound system of the kind frequently met in medical practice.

3. Plotting the acoustic field radiated by an ultrasound transducer using a state-of-the-art pvdf needle probe hydrophone.

4. Investigation of acoustic streaming and banding and cavitation in high-intensity acoustic fields.

5. Measurement of the power output of therapy-level transducers using a tethered float radiometer.

6. Imaging of ultrasound quality assurance phantoms using a clinical scanner.

 

Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) theory and applications 

An overview of MRI: capabilities and advantages.
A discussion of the vector model of NMR and an overview of the microscopic / quantum model.
A discussion of NMR relaxation times (T1, T2 and T2*) and the Bloch equations.
The FID, Spin-echo, CPMG, Saturation Recovery and Inversion Recovery experiments (pulse sequences and vector model description).

MRI fundamentals: frequency encoding with a read gradient; signal representation in the time and frequency domains; Fourier transformation; image resolution / field of view.

More advanced MRI concepts: k-space, the 2DFT or spin-warp experiment, echo planar imaging; slice selection; T2 and T1 image contrast methods; Diffusion contrast.

MRI equipment.

MRI application case studies, e.g.: detection and visualisation of cancer; musculoskeletal examinations; cardiology; functional MRI / neurology.

 

Site visit to a clinical MRI facility 

Components of an MRI system. Imaging parameters. MR safety.


 

Assessment pattern

Alternative Assessment

N/A

Assessment Strategy

The assessment strategy for this module is designed to provide students with the opportunity to demonstrate that they have broad understanding of the principles of MRI and ultrasound imaging, that they can calculate suitable imaging system parameters for different scenarios and that they can apply their theoretical knowledge to practical ultrasound problems.

 

Thus, the summative assessment for this module consists of:

• 
  A poster presentation on an ultrasound experiment.
  


• 
  A 2-hour, closed-book examination, with three questions to be answered out of five.
  
   
  
  Formative assessment
  
  A series of tutorial problems designed to address how students calculate suitable imaging system parameters for different scenarios will be set and subsequently discussed.
  
   
  
  Feedback
  
  Students will receive written feedback associated with their laboratory presentation and will discuss problems both in tutorial sessions and in laboratory classes.
  

Module aims

• To introduce students to the basic principles of two major non-ionising radiation imaging modalities that can be expected to be encountered in large clinical/hospital environments.
• To provide the student with the theoretical skills necessary to understand the physics behind the operation of NMR and ultrasound imaging applications.
• To give students practical skills on the use of ultrasound transducers and of clinical ultrasound instrumentation.

Learning outcomes

Methods of Teaching / Learning

The learning and teaching strategy is designed to provide students with both a theoretical and practical understanding of the two imaging modalities.

 

The learning and teaching methods include:

• Formal lectures and occasional large group tutorial-question sessions. Teaching given by handouts, data projector and white board presentations and notes.


• Laboratory practical exercises.


• MRI hospital site visit.

Indicated Lecture Hours (which may also include seminars, tutorials, workshops and other contact time) are approximate and may include in-class tests where one or more of these are an assessment on the module. In-class tests are scheduled/organised separately to taught content and will be published on to student personal timetables, where they apply to taken modules, as soon as they are finalised by central administration. This will usually be after the initial publication of the teaching timetable for the relevant semester.

Reading list

https://readinglists.surrey.ac.uk
Upon accessing the reading list, please search for the module using the module code: PHYM044

Other information

The School of Mathematics and Physics is committed to developing graduates with strengths in Employability, Digital Capabilities, Global and Cultural Capabilities, Sustainability,  and Resourcefulness and Resilience. This module is designed to allow students to develop knowledge, skills, and capabilities in the following areas:

Resourcefulness and Resilience: Problem solving is a key component of this module. Students will carry out laboratory experiments where they will use their physics knowledge to interpret their data, and use their understanding of the physics of MRI and ultrasound to solve problems in tutorials.

Sustainability: A key focus of the module is the appraisal of different approaches from a theoretical and practical point of view. This includes also costs and applicability of each specific approach in the context of clinical workflow.

Employability: The module introduces students to imaging techniques used in clinical practice. Students will have the opportunity to see and use clinical equipment, and to appraise the impact of different physical parameters on the image. This will allow them to find employment in a clinical or industrial setting having already understood the foundations of each modality and appraised their respective field of applicability and risks.

Programmes this module appears in

Please note that the information detailed within this record is accurate at the time of publishing and may be subject to change. This record contains information for the most up to date version of the programme / module for the 2024/5 academic year.